
Transformers transfer electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction, stepping voltage up for transmission and down for distribution and end use.
Substations transform, switch, protect, meter, control and distribute electricity using transformers, switchgear, circuit breakers, disconnectors, busbars, CTs, VTs/CVTs, protection relays, surge arresters and earthing systems.
Medium-voltage and low-voltage infrastructure: feeders, overhead and underground distribution, ring main units, switchgear, transformers, protection systems, LV distribution boards, cables, service connections and metering.
Protection functions include overcurrent, short circuit, earth fault, differential, overvoltage, undervoltage, frequency, reverse power, loss of phase and thermal overload, plus earthing and lightning and surge protection.
Insulation resistance, winding resistance, turns-ratio and oil testing for transformers; continuity, insulation, relay, breaker, metering and protection coordination tests for distribution works.